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　　并列

　　1. 并列的几种形式

　　1) 形式并列

　　2) 概念对等

　　3) 功能相同

　　2. 并列中可能出现的连接词：

　　And/or/but yet/both and/ not only, but also/ either or/not but rather/ the same to X as to Y

　　3. 并列的几种形式细分

　　一. 形式并列

　　1) 语法上对称 both…and…; either…or…; and; but; not only but also; for example

　　2) 定语从句并列必须使用相同的代词 : The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit.

　　3) 宾语从句的并列： Overestimate that and underestimate that

　　4) 过去分词可以于现在分词并列： Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and root like tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

　　二.概念对等

　　1)抽象名词不能对具体名词 slowing growth or damaging forest

　　2)整体名词不能对个体概念 no money or staff members

　　3)泛指和特指概念不对等 George Washington Carver dedicated his life to strengthening the economy in the South with soil improvement and the diversification of crops

　　4) 动名词和名词并列 creation… and harvesting…..

　　三. 功能对等

　　1)功能相等的句子并列 即定语从句只能和定语从句并列 宾语从句和宾语从句并列

　　Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.

　　2) 连接词所连接的对象不要引起争议如有争议则通过补出介词来解决

　　Suspect the police of having taped their conversation and of using

　　四.语义上的平行是最重要的。特别注意他们的动词和这些动词的形式

　　Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving

　　

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　　late every night.

　　五. 语法上对称

　　1.名词之间的并列

　　The list of animals that exhibit a preference for using either the right hand or the left hand has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates

　　The right hand 和 the left hand 保持并列

　　2.动名词之间

　　Researchers have found a correlation between exercising and earning good grades.

　　Exercising 和 Earning保持并列

　　3.不定式表示并列

　　There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used methods has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying to lay them in the wall in mud mortar.

　　4.从句上的并列

　　The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.

　　A good night’s sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizes you for the following day.

　　5.介词组的并列

　　The experiences we have in childhood influence our behavior in adulthood.

　　6.形容词和形容词之间的并列

　　She is clever and beautiful; the park was neither accessible nor affordable.

　　7.动词之间的并列

　　The custodian cleaned the basement and washed the windows.

　　And 一般至于最后，你也可以吧逗号放在 AND 前面。

　　X, and Y I really like candy apples, and I eat them often

　　And 在语义上并列

　　W She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life and property and reckless abandon and it should therefore be shut down.

　　R She argues that the agency acts with reckless abandon and with disregard for human life and property, and that it should therefore be shut down

　　5.课堂练习

　　下列的每一句话是含有一个平行上的错误。1)请指出平行的标志词 2)并改正平行关系

　　1.Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exciting to us as the people sitting behind home plate

　　这里的并列词 as…as 改变成 as to the people

　　2. Many teachers choose to seek employment in the suburbs rather than facing low salaries in the city.