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　　c)用一个名词概括代词指代的对象

　　(A)第二个分句中的their在逻辑意思上应该指代researchers，与前面出现的代词they指代对象不一致; goal和creating概念不对等; primarily修饰creating,逻辑意思错误

　　(B)分号后面不是一个完整的句子;then是副词,不能连接句子,应该改为and then

　　(C)正确, and then respond和can identify并列;重复the researcher消除了指代歧异;goal和to do概念对等

　　(D) giving没有平行的对象,且使用give a response不如直接用动词respond简洁有效;goal和creation概念不对等,“目标”只能是去做某事,而不可能是一个名词“creation”

　　(E) responding没有平行的对象;primarily位置错误,置于句首则修饰整个句子; goal和creating概念不对等

　　3. Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past.

　　(A) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past

　　(B) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and must compete more effectively than in the past for customers

　　(C) the airline's board of directors must now determine both how to make the airline increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past

　　(D) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past

　　(E) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and also how to make it compete more effectively than in the past for customers

　　1)分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语

　　2)形式主语it的使用: it作为形式主语,指代主语从句(it is exciting that I ...)或者不定式短语(it is difficult to do...)

　　(A)不符合形式主语的使用规则,how前面要加上that,构成it is… that型主语从句; it没有指代对象且不能作为having finally reached的逻辑主语; they没有指代对象,应该改为it,用来指代the airline.

　　(B)不符合形式主语的使用规则; it没有指代对象，且不能作为having finally reached的逻辑主语; both increase profits and must compete结构不平行;修饰成分for customers和修饰对象compete more effectively中间插入了than in the past, 句子不通顺, for customers应该紧接compete more effectively之后

　　(C) both how to make the airline increase profits and compete结构不平行; they没有指代对象

　　(D)正确, 注意到了逻辑主语的问题; both increase profits and compete结构平行

　　(E) both increase profits and also how to make结构不平行; for customers应该紧靠compete more effectively

　　4. When Nigeria achieved full independence in 1960, they had already established a federal political structure consisting of three regions based on the three major population clusters that were in its borders.

　　(A) they had already established a federal political structure consisting of three regions based on